His ch-5 #12 Maasai community

 Maasai community

The maasai are nomadic and pastoral people who depend on milk and meat for living

Social categories

In the pre-colonial times, the maasai society was divided into two social categories 

1. elders 

2. Warriors

1. the elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic council to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.

 2. The warriors were responsible for protection of The tribe

Maasai community and grazing land

1. Due to colonialism, the maasai community lost about 60% of their pre colonial land. they were limited to an arid zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures.

 2. Large area of grazing land were turned into game reserves like the maasai mara and samburu National park in Kenya.

3. without grass cattle, goats and sheep were malnourished, this decrease the food for pastorist

 4. due to the loss of finest grazing land and water resources the quality of pastor decreases. Thus, feeding of cattle become very serious problem.

5. government encouraged local peasants communities to expand cultivation. as cultivation expanded, pasture lands were turn into cultivated fields. This decrease the for pastures.

His ch-5 #11 Pastoralists coped with colonial rule

 Pastoralists coped with colonial rule

Some reduced the number of cattle in their herds since there was not enough pasture to feed large numbers.

Some discovered new pastures when a movement to old grazing grounds became difficult.

Over the years, some richer pastoralists began buying land and settling down, giving up their nomadic life.

Many poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders to survive.

Some of them became labourers, working on fields or in small towns.

In spite of such difficulties, pastoralist communities still exist and are considered the most important form of life ecologically.

His ch-5 #10 life of African Pastoralists

 Life of african pastoralists 

Proportion of large population of africa is dependent on pastoral activities to earn their livelihood

1. The different pastoral communities of africa are bedouins,maasai,somali,boran and turkana.

 2.Most of them lived in semi-arid grasslands where rainfed agriculture is difficult.

3. They raise cattle, camels,goats,sheep and donkeys.

4. They sell milk,meat,animal skin and wool.

5. Dise to harsh effects of colonalism, the lives of african Pastoralists changed drastically.

His Ch-5 #9 Report by Royal commission on Agriculture

His Ch-5 #8 Grazing Tax

 Grazing Tax

Grazing Tax was introduced in the mid -nineteenth century

It was imposed on the Pastoralists

Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on pasters

The tax per head of cattle went up rapidly

The right to collect the tax was auctioned out to the contractor

These contractors tried to extract high tax so that they could earn the profit.

By the 1880s, the government began collecting tax directly from the Pastoralists. Each of them was given a pass.

To enter a grazing tract, the Pastoralists had to show the pass and pay the tax.

Impact:-

1. Pastoralists started selling their animals.

2. They started taking loans from the money lenders.

His ch-5 #7 Forest act

Forest act

Under the forest acts forests were classified into two types.

1. Reserved Forest
2. Protected Forest

1  reserved forests

• no pastoral activities was allowed. 
• These Forest produced commercially valuable timber like deodar and Sal. 

2. Protected Forest

• Pastoral needed a permit for entry.
• These Forest produced commercially valuable timber like deodar and Sal. 

.

  Impact

1. locals could not take a single thing from reserved words.
2. There was timing of their entry and departure for pastoralist.
3.  If they overstayed there, they were liable to fines.
4. Some customary grazing rights were granted to pastoralists.

His ch-5 #8 Criminal Tribes act

 Some forest acts forests were classified into two types

Under the forest acts forests were classified into two types.

1  im the reserved forests, no postoral activities was allowed. 

2.they needed a permit for entry.  The permit specified the timing of their entry and departure. If they overatayed there,they were liable to fines.

2. Some ais to mary grazing rights were granted to pastoralists.

Waste land rule.

According to waste land rule.

1.Uncultivated lands were taken of over and given to selected individuals.

2. Government granted concession and encouraged these individuals to settle these loads.

Reasons 

1. To increase the land revenue of government by expanding cultivation.

2. To increase the production of crops such as jute,cotton and wheat.

Impact =

=grazing land was given to big landlord.

=in decreased the grazing ground of nomads.

=it declined the agricultural stock of nòmads.

=this affected their trade and crafts.

Forest act=

Impact=1.locals could nt take a single thing from reserved words.

Criminals act= it was different for government to collect tax from the momdic people because they donot has permanent passed the criminal tribes act in 1871 under their control.

His Ch-5 #6 Waste Land Rule

Waste land rule

According to waste land rule.

1.Uncultivated lands were taken of over and given to selected individuals.

2. Government granted concession and encouraged these individuals to settle these loads.

Reasons 

1. To increase the land revenue of government by expanding cultivation.

2. To increase the production of crops such as jute,cotton and wheat.

Impact 

• grazing land was given to big landlord.
• ii decreased the grazing ground of nomads.
• it declined the agricultural stock of nòmads.
• this affected their trade and crafts.

His Ch-5 # 5 Colonial rule change the life of pastoralist

 Colonial rule change the life of  pastoralist

The Colonial laws affected the lives of the pastoralists dramatically.

The colonial government believed that all grazing lands were wastelands because they were unproductive. Also,  It was difficult for government to collect tax from nomadic people because they don't have permanent address.

• Their grazing grounds shrank
•  their movements were regulated
• they had to pay high revenue
•  their agricultural stock declined
•  this affects their trades and crafts 

His Ch -5 # 4 Nomads on the plateaus, plains and deserts

 Dhangars:

Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra. In the early 20th century, their population was more than 4 lakhs. They were mainly shepherds, blanket weavers and buffalo herders. Dhangars stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. In the monsoon, this track became a vast grazing ground for their flocks.

By October, the Dhangars harvested the bajra and started to move towards West. After a month, reached. Konkan which had high rainfall and rich soil. Here, they were welcomed by the Konkani peasants.

After the harvest of the Kharif crop, the fields had to be fertilised and made ready for the rabi harvest. Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on the stubble. The Konkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the shepherds took back to the plateau where grain was scarce.

With the onset of monsoon, they returned to their settlements on the dry plateau as sheep could not tolerate the wet monsoon conditions.

The Gollas, Kurumas and Kurubas The Gollas, Kurumas and Kurubas are the important pastoral communities of the dry central plateau of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The Gollas herded cattle. The Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.

They lived near the forests, cultivated small patches of land, engaged in a variety of small trades and took care of their herds. The movement of these pastoralists depended on monsoon and dry season.

In the dry season, they moved to the coastal tracts and left when the rains came. Only buffaloes liked the swampy, wet conditions of the coastal areas during the monsoon months. Other herds had to be shifted to the dry plateau at that time.

Bhabhar A dry forested area below the foothills of Garhwal and Kumaun.
Bugyals Bugyals are vast natural pastures on the high mountains, above 12,000 feet. They are under snow in the winter and come to life after April. At this time, the entire mountainside is covered with a variety of grasses, roots and herbs. By monsoon, these pastures are thick with vegetation and carpeted with wild flowers. Kharif The autumn crop, usually harvested between September and October. Rabi The spring crop, usually harvested after March. Stubble Lower ends of grain stalks left in the ground after harvesting.

Banjara Tribes
They were an important group of graziers, which were found in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. In search of good pasture land for their cattle, they moved over long distances. They sold their plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange of grain and fodder.

Ratios
They lived in the deserts of Rajasthan. Before 1947, they used to migrate to Sindh and grazed their animals on the banks of the Indus. But after partition, when Sindh became a part of Pakistan, this activity was restricted. Now, they started migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvest. The rainfall in the region was less and uncertain. So, they combined cultivation with pastoralism.

During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages, where pasture was available. By October, when those grazing grounds were exhausted, they moved out in search of new pastures. They returned in their home villages during the next monsoon.

Maru Raikas
One group of Raikas were known as Maru Raikas who reside in the Thar desert near Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. Their settlement is called a dhandi. They herded camels and another group reared sheep and goat. Maru Raikas know the history of their community from a genealogist. The genealogist is the one, who recounts the history of tribes. Such oral traditions give pastoral groups their own sense of identity. These oral traditions can tell us about how a group looks at its own past.

Camel Fairs
The camel fairs are held at different places of Rajasthan such as Pushkar, Balotra, etc. Camel herders come to the fair to sell and buy camels. The Maru Raikas also display their expertise in training their camels. Horses from Gujarat are also brought for sale at this fair.

His Ch-5 #3 Pastoral Nomads in mountains regions

 Movement Of Pastoral Nomads In Mountains

Mainly pastoral communities are found in mountainous regions.

Gujjar Bakarwals

Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep. Many of them migrated here in the 19th century in search of pastures for their cattle and settled here.

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Annual movement of Gujjar Bakarwals

In winter, when the mountains were covered with snow, they lived with their herds in the low hills of Siwalik range. Here, the dry scrub forests provided pastures for their herds. They crossed the Pir Panjal passes and entered Kashmir valley.

In summer, when the snow melted in the mountains and mountainsides were left lush green, they moved onto high levels. The variety of sprouted grass provided rich nutritious forage for their animals.

By the end of September, they used to start moving again for their downward journey back to their winter base.

Gujjar Bakarwals moved in groups for the journey called kafila.

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Mandaps of Ringal:

The Gujjar cattle herders live in the mandaps, made of ringal—a hill bamboo—and grass from the Bugyal. A mandap was also a workplace. Here, the Gujjar used to make ghee which they ‘ took down for sale. In recent years, they have begun to transport the milk directly in buses and trucks. These mandaps are at about 10,000 to 11,000 feet, as buffaloes cannot climb any higher.

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Gaddi Shepherds:
Gaddi shepherd is a pastoral community of Himachal Pradesh. They had a similar cycle of seasonal movements like Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir.

Movement of Gaddi Shepherds:

During winter, Gaddi Shepherds grazed their flocks in scrub forests of the low hills of Siwalik range.

By April, they moved North and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti. Further to the East, in Garhwal f and Kumaun, the Gujjar cattle herders came down to the dry forests of the bhabhar in the winter and went up to the high meadows-the bugyals in summer. Many of the Gujjar cattle herders were originally from Jammu and Kashmir and came to the uphills in the 19th century in search of good pastures.When the snow melted on the high mountains, they moved onto higher mountain meadows (dhars). By September, they began their return movement. On the way, they stopped once again in the villages of Lahul and Spiti, reaping their summer harvest and sowing their winter crop.

On the way down, they stop for a while to have their sheep sheared. The sheep are bathed and cleaned before the wool is cut valley near Palampur in Himachal Pradesh is one of the areas where shearing of wool is being done. Then, they further descend to their winter base the Siwalik hills.

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Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris Many pastoralists of the Himalayas like the Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris also followed cyclic movement between summers and winters in search of pastures. They all had to adjust to seasonal changes and make proper use of available pastures. When the pasture was exhausted or unusable in one place, they moved their herds and flock to new areas. This continuous movement of the pastoralists allowed the pastures to recover.

His ch-5 #2 Nomads, Characteristics, Reasons and advantages of movements

 Nomads

Nomads are people who do not live in one place but move from one area to another to earn their living.

Characteristics of pastoral nomads

1.food=they consume grain they mainly consume wheat, rice,bazra and maiza.

2. Economic life=most of the nomadic people follow barter system ,some use money also

3. Earning- Pastrol nomads earn their living by 1. Animal rearing 2. Trading

4. Movement= they move from one place to another along with their live stock,depending, on the amount and quality of pastures and  water.

5. Selection of animals= nomads select the type and number of animals for their hard according to local cultural and physical characteristics. The camel is most and physical characteristics. The camel is most most important in north africa.

Reason for movement of pastoral nomads

1. They don't have regular field to get food for the whole year.

2. In search of grazing grounds and water for their animals.

3. To protect themselves from harsh weather condition.

4. To protect their live shock from harsh weather.

Advantages of movement or impact on environment of movement.

1. It allowed the pictures to recover and this prevent their overuse.

2. The frocks of nomads manured the fields so, there is less of chemical fertilizers.

His Ch-5 #1 Pastoralists

 Pastoralists

The goats, sheep or cattle farmers are known as Pastoralist

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